CPM has been shown to be inadequate as an accurate representation of production in the construction industry (3) and does not show physical-spatial conflicts directly. This configuration provides an advantage over the more widely used Critical Path Method (CPM), which only displays production rates as a parameter inherent to the activity duration (2). The typical linear schedule format is shown in Figure 1 using lines with different patterns and blocks to identify activities and/or crews. Therefore, the duration, physical length and production rate of any activity can be quickly identified in the chart. The graph consists of plotting time in the " Y " axis and location or distance in the " X " axis in any applicable unit represent activities as lines or blocks. This method shows time and space in the same graph, in a way that makes it easy to identify and resolve conflicting production rates of the activities in their spatial representation (1). Introduction Linear scheduling is an alternative production-based tool for managing schedules in projects that is particularly useful in the heavy civil construction industry.
The paper's contribution to the body of knowledge is to graphically connect the project's geotechnical profile with the linear schedule in a stochastic environment. The analysis finds that the method effectively provides a better understanding of the risk management effort and introduces a way to incorporate variables into the assessment that otherwise would not be available for quick reference, such as the interpretation of the geological profile of the project site. The paper demonstrates its efficacy by applying the linear scheduling model to a case study project from the Panama Canal Expansion Program. A model was developed using this tool and incorporating stochastic simulations in a way that the impact of geotechnical risk is assessed as a function of the expected underground conditions, which can be displayed directly in the linear schedule. The alternative is based on linear scheduling that graphically represents a schedule along with the location of activities. The alternative method is compared to the traditional format that involves expert interpretation of subsurface information in order to communicate the process properly. This paper focuses on the scheduling aspect of geotechnical risk and proposes an alternative method for identifying and managing it. The risk of differing site conditions must be carefully analyzed using as much information as possible to develop a project's initial estimates and schedule. Every project is most vulnerable to risk at its initial stages when the uncertainty and potential impact in its outcome is at its highest level, and the earliest risk in a construction project is typically the geotechnical risk.
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